{"id":104,"date":"2007-01-17T23:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-01-17T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-10-27T21:52:58","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T21:52:58","slug":"yumusak-cekirdekli-meyveler-104","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/yumusak-cekirdekli-meyveler-104","title":{"rendered":"YUMU\u015eAK \u00c7EK\u0130RDEKL\u0130 MEYVELER"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bu dersimizde yumu\u015fak &ccedil;ekirdekli meyvelerden Elma, Armut ve Ayva yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini, meyve hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131 ile m&uuml;cadelesi konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyece\u011fiz.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ELMA YET\u0130\u015eT\u0130R\u0130C\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kuzey Anadolu, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131 ile \u0130&ccedil; Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Anadolu yaylalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ge&ccedil;it b&ouml;lgeleri, Do\u011fu Marmara ile son y\u0131llarda g&uuml;neyde g&ouml;ller b&ouml;lgesi elman\u0131n &ouml;nemli yeti\u015ftiricilik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de elma &uuml;retimi 2.5 milyon ton civar\u0131nda olup, d&uuml;nya elma &uuml;retiminde, &Ccedil;in ve ABD&rsquo;den sonra &uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;nc&uuml; s\u0131ray\u0131 almaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0130KL\u0130M \u0130STE\u011e\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma, \u0131l\u0131man, &ouml;zellikle so\u011fuk \u0131l\u0131man iklim meyvesidir. K\u0131\u015f dinlenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda odun k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 &ndash;35, -40&deg;C&rsquo;a, a&ccedil;m\u0131\u015f &ccedil;i&ccedil;ekler &ndash;2.2-2.3&deg;C ve k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k meyveler ise &ndash;1.1,-2.2&deg;C&rsquo;a dayan\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyve t&uuml;rleri aras\u0131nda elma, k\u0131\u015f dinlenmesine en fazla ihtiya&ccedil; duyar. So\u011fuklamas\u0131n\u0131 giderememi\u015f elma a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131nda yaprak g&ouml;zleri s&uuml;rmez ve a\u011fa&ccedil; &ccedil;\u0131plak kal\u0131r. Elma y&uuml;ksek yaz s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131ndan da ho\u015flanmaz. S\u0131cakl\u0131k 40&deg;C&rsquo;nin &uuml;zerine &ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman b&uuml;y&uuml;me durur, daha y&uuml;ksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ise zararlanma g&ouml;r&uuml;lmeye ba\u015flar.<br \/>\n &nbsp; TOPRAK \u0130STE\u011e\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma, genellikle bir&ccedil;ok toprak tiplerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu&ccedil; verir. Ancak, elma yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i&ccedil;in en iyi topraklar pH&rsquo;s\u0131 6.0-6.5 ve i&ccedil;erisinde normal kireci ve yeteri kadar humus ve nemi bulunan t\u0131nl\u0131, t\u0131nl\u0131-kumlu veya kumlu-t\u0131nl\u0131 ge&ccedil;irgen ve drene edilmi\u015f topraklard\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SEYRELTME<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Her y&ouml;n&uuml;yle iyi planlanm\u0131\u015f bir elma bah&ccedil;esinden &ccedil;evre \u015fartlar\u0131 da uygun gitti\u011fi zaman, y&uuml;kl&uuml; meyve al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu meyvelerin fazlas\u0131 daha sonra &ccedil;i&ccedil;ek ve meyve seyretmeleri yoluyla at\u0131l\u0131r. &Ccedil;i&ccedil;ek ve meyve seyreltmesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda budaman\u0131n da dolayl\u0131 olarak bir meyve seyreltmesi y&ouml;ntemi oldu\u011fu ve budama ile &ccedil;i&ccedil;ek g&ouml;zlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kesilip at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyve seyreltmenin etkileri \u015funlard\u0131r:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Meyve irili\u011fine etkisi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Seyreltmenin en g&ouml;ze &ccedil;arpan etkisi, meyve irili\u011finde g&ouml;r&uuml;l&uuml;r. Meyve ba\u015f\u0131na d&uuml;\u015fen yaprak say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i&ccedil;in, meyvede daha &ccedil;ok karbonhidrat ve sell&uuml;loz depolanm\u0131\u015f ve b&ouml;ylelikle daha iri meyve olu\u015fumu ger&ccedil;ekle\u015fmi\u015f olur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Meyve rengine etkisi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 meyve tutumu yapan elma a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131ndaki meyve rengi, normal meyve tutumu yapan a\u011fa&ccedil;lardakinden daha azd\u0131r. Elmalardaki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya yapraklarca olu\u015fturulan karbonhidratlarla ili\u015fkilidir. Seyretmeyle bir meyveye d&uuml;\u015fen yaprak miktar\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i&ccedil;in k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk de artm\u0131\u015f olur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Kaliteye etkisi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk ile meyve kalitesi aras\u0131nda kesin bir ili\u015fki bulundu\u011fu ve seyreltme ile k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkte art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i&ccedil;in, kalitede de artma olur. Meyve ba\u015f\u0131na d&uuml;\u015fecek 30-50 yaprak ile meyvede yeteri kadar karbonhidrat depo edilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Geli\u015fmeye etkisi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;ok y&uuml;kl&uuml; meyve, a\u011fac\u0131 zay\u0131flat\u0131r. B&ouml;yle a\u011fa&ccedil;lar s&uuml;rg&uuml;nleri pi\u015fkinle\u015ftiremedikleri i&ccedil;in k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklar\u0131ndan zararlan\u0131r, zay\u0131flar ve ekonomik &ouml;m&uuml;rleri azal\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) D&uuml;zenli &uuml;r&uuml;n vermeye etkisi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elmalarda meyve g&ouml;zleri &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenmeden hemen sonra olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar ve ertesi y\u0131la kadar b&uuml;t&uuml;n bir y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda &ccedil;i&ccedil;e\u011fe d&ouml;n&uuml;\u015f&uuml;r. Meyve g&ouml;z&uuml; olu\u015fmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in karbonhidrat birikimi &ccedil;ok &ouml;nemlidir. Meyve seyreltmesi yap\u0131lan a\u011fa&ccedil;lardaki karbonhidrat birikimi, seyreltme yap\u0131lmayanlara g&ouml;re &ccedil;ok fazlad\u0131r. Karbonhidrat birikimi sonucu depo edilen enerji, her y\u0131l d&uuml;zenli &uuml;r&uuml;n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda &ouml;nemli bir rol oynar.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyve seyreltmesi erken devrede yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Meyve g&ouml;z&uuml; olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan &ouml;nce bitirilmemi\u015f olan bir meyve seyreltmesi her ne kadar irilik, renk ve kalitede bir iyile\u015fme yaparsa da, a\u011fac\u0131n ertesi y\u0131lki &uuml;r&uuml;n&uuml;n&uuml; olumsuz etkiler.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elle Seyreltme<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Her ne kadar %50 pahal\u0131 ise de, iyi seyreltme elle yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Elmalarda &ccedil;i&ccedil;ek ve meyve olu\u015fumu huzmeler \u015feklindedir. Her huzmede 5 &ccedil;i&ccedil;ek vard\u0131r. Uygun ko\u015fullarda bu 5 &ccedil;i&ccedil;e\u011fin 5&rsquo;i de meyveye d&ouml;n&uuml;\u015febilir. Normal ko\u015fullarda, bir huzmedeki 5 meyvenin ortada bulunan &ldquo;kral meyve&rdquo; d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakilerin t&uuml;m&uuml; kopar\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak &ccedil;ok kuvvetli vejetatif geli\u015fme g&ouml;stermesi ko\u015fuluyla Starking Delicious, Golden Delicious, Mutsu vb. elmalarda, huzmede bir yerine iki meyve de b\u0131rak\u0131labilir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Starkrimson Delicious ve Starkspur Golden Delicious gibi yar\u0131 bodur elma &ccedil;e\u015fitlerinde, bir huzmede birden &ccedil;ok meyve b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kimyasal Seyreltme<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elmalarda seyreltme arac\u0131 olarak bir &ccedil;ok kimyasal madde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan bir denemede tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenmeden 15-20 g&uuml;n sonra Golden Delicious i&ccedil;in 180 gr\/100 lt ve Starking Delicious i&ccedil;in 150 gr\/100 lt dozdaki sevin (%50 W.P.) uygulamas\u0131ndan iyi sonu&ccedil; al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayr\u0131ca yar\u0131-bodur geli\u015fen &ccedil;e\u015fitler (Starkrimson Delicious gibi) i&ccedil;in ise, tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenmeden 15-20 g&uuml;n sonra 10 ppm&rsquo;l\u0131k NAA uygulamas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu&ccedil;lar vermi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ANA&Ccedil;LAR<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma fidan\u0131 &uuml;retiminde, tohumdan yeti\u015ftirilen &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler veya vegetatif ana&ccedil;lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ana&ccedil; &uuml;retiminde yararlan\u0131lan tohumlar yabani veya k&uuml;lt&uuml;r &ccedil;e\u015fitlerinden al\u0131n\u0131rlar. Vegetatif ana&ccedil;lar ise &ldquo;de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tepe dald\u0131rmas\u0131&rdquo; yolu ile kolayca &ccedil;o\u011falt\u0131labilmektedir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En &ccedil;ok kullan\u0131lan vegetatif ana&ccedil;lar:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8211; Tam bodur: M-9<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8211; Yar\u0131 bodur : MM-106<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8211; Kuvvetli : MM-111<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma bah&ccedil;esi tesisinde kullan\u0131lan anaca ve &ccedil;e\u015fide g&ouml;re dikim mesafeleri ve budama sistemleri de de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ouml;rne\u011fin &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r anac\u0131na a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 standart &ccedil;e\u015fitler i&ccedil;in dikim mesafesi 8mX8m-7mX7m olup, modifiye lider budama sistemi uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r anac\u0131na a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 yar\u0131 bodur (spur tipi) &ccedil;e\u015fitler i&ccedil;in dikim mesafesi, topra\u011f\u0131n kuvvetine g&ouml;re 6mX3m, 5mX3m veya 4mX3m olup, bir lider ve &ccedil;ok say\u0131da yan dallar olacak, yani gelecekteki y&uuml;kl&uuml; meyveyi &ccedil;ok say\u0131da yan dala da\u011f\u0131tacak ve &ccedil;am&rsquo;a benzeyecek \u015fekilde bir budama uygulan\u0131r. Bu ama&ccedil;la dikim esnas\u0131nda fidan\u0131n tepesi 80 cm&rsquo;den kesilir. \u0130lk geli\u015fme mevsimi sonu ve daha ilerdeki d&ouml;nemlerde gerek &ccedil;at\u0131 dal\u0131, gerekse bunlardan meydana gelecek 2. derecedeki s&uuml;rg&uuml;nlerde y\u0131ll\u0131k geli\u015fmenin 1\/3&rsquo;&uuml; kesilerek standart &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin aksine bunlarda daha fazla vegetatif geli\u015fme ve yaprak y&uuml;zeyi elde edilir. \u0130lk iki y\u0131l boyunca hi&ccedil; meyve al\u0131nmaz, meydana gelen &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklerin tamam\u0131 kopar\u0131larak kuvvetli &ccedil;at\u0131 olu\u015fumuna yard\u0131mc\u0131 olunur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;ok bodur vegetatif bir ana&ccedil; olan M-9 &uuml;zerine standart &ccedil;e\u015fitler a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rsa, dikim mesafesi 1.5mX3.5m veya 2mX3.5m&rsquo;dir. Bunda lider dal\u0131n geli\u015fmesi dikimden itibaren zay\u0131flat\u0131l\u0131p, yan dallar\u0131n kuvvetlenmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130lk d&ouml;rt y\u0131lda liderin zay\u0131flatmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hemen hemen hi&ccedil; budama yap\u0131lmaz. Ancak, dikimi izleyen ilk geli\u015fme mevsimi sonundan itibaren yan &ccedil;at\u0131 dallar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 e\u011fdirilerek, meyve g&ouml;z&uuml; olu\u015fumu te\u015fvik edilir ve dallar\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 4. y\u0131ldan sonra verim budamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu terbiye sistemi &ldquo;\u0130\u011f terbiye \u015fekli&rdquo; olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r (\u015eekil 1).<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yar\u0131 bodur vegetatif ana&ccedil; MM-106 &uuml;zerine hem standart hem spur &ccedil;e\u015fitler a\u015f\u0131lanabilir. Standart &ccedil;e\u015fitler a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131nca dikim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 4mX5m veya 4mX6m; spur &ccedil;e\u015fitler a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131nca da 2mX4m olup, modifiye lider terbiye sistemi uygulan\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 1. Bodur ana&ccedil; &uuml;zerinde kurulmu\u015f bir elma bah&ccedil;esi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kuvvetli vegetatif ana&ccedil; MM-111 &uuml;zerine hem standart hem de spur &ccedil;e\u015fitler a\u015f\u0131lanabilir. Dikim mesafesi ve terbiye sistemi &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r anac\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D&Ouml;LLENME B\u0130YOLOJ\u0130S\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma &ccedil;e\u015fitleri genel olarak kendine k\u0131s\u0131rd\u0131rlar. Ancak yabanc\u0131 d&ouml;llenme ile iyi bir &uuml;r&uuml;n al\u0131nabilir. D&ouml;llenmeyi %90 ar\u0131lar yapar. Gen&ccedil; elma bah&ccedil;eleri i&ccedil;in gerekli ar\u0131 miktar\u0131, her 4 dekar i&ccedil;in bir kovan veya her 30-40 dekar i&ccedil;in 15.000-20.000 ar\u0131d\u0131r. Tam verime ge&ccedil;mi\u015f a\u011fa&ccedil;lar i&ccedil;in bu miktar 3-4 kat\u0131na &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. &Ccedil;i&ccedil;ek zaman\u0131 ar\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve tozlanman\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i&ccedil;in bah&ccedil;eler ila&ccedil;lanmaz. D&ouml;lleyici &ccedil;e\u015fit oran\u0131 en az 1\/9 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. D&ouml;lleyici &ccedil;e\u015fitler ana &ccedil;e\u015fitten 12-15 m&rsquo;den daha uzakta olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 2 &ccedil;e\u015fitten bah&ccedil;e kurulacak ise her iki &ccedil;e\u015fitte d&uuml;zenli verimli ve &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenmeleri ayn\u0131 zamana denk gelmelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;E\u015e\u0130TLER<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyvecilikte kullan\u0131lan gerek ana&ccedil; ve gerekse &ccedil;e\u015fidin geli\u015fme kuvveti azald\u0131k&ccedil;a, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle ana&ccedil; bodurla\u015ft\u0131k&ccedil;a yo\u011fun meyvecili\u011fe do\u011fru ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yo\u011fun meyvecilikte ise s\u0131k dikimden dolay\u0131 birim alana daha fazla say\u0131da a\u011fa&ccedil; kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i&ccedil;in daha y&uuml;ksek verim elde edilir. Bodur a\u011fa&ccedil;lardan kurulmu\u015f meyve bah&ccedil;elerinden erken ya\u015fta &uuml;r&uuml;n al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg&uuml;c&uuml; ve yap\u0131lan masraflar azal\u0131r, k&uuml;lt&uuml;r ve bak\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131 kolayla\u015f\u0131r ve daha kaliteli meyve &uuml;retimi m&uuml;mk&uuml;n olur. Bodur elma a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131 ise ya zay\u0131f ana&ccedil;lar (M-9, MM-106 gibi) kullan\u0131larak ya da yar\u0131 bodur geli\u015fen &ldquo;Spur tipi&rdquo; (Starkrimson Delicious, Starkspur Golden Delicious gibi) &ccedil;e\u015fitler kullan\u0131lmak yolu ile elde edilebilmektedir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eu anda yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi &ouml;nerilen elma &ccedil;e\u015fitleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Stark Earliest: A\u011fac\u0131 yar\u0131 dik, hatta yayvan \u015fekilli, zay\u0131f-orta kuvvette olup, verimi y&uuml;ksek de\u011fildir. Haziran sonu- Temmuz ba\u015flar\u0131nda olgunla\u015fan yazl\u0131k elmad\u0131r (\u015eekil 2). Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 Golden Delicious ve Jonathand\u0131r. Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz b&ouml;lgelerine &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 2. Stark Earliest<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vista Bella: A\u011fac\u0131 kuvvetli geli\u015fir, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve bol verimlidir. Haziran sonu-Temmuz ba\u015f\u0131nda olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Idared, Jerseymac, Prima. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilen yazl\u0131k bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir (\u015eekil 3).<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 3. Vista Bella<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jerseymac: A\u011fac\u0131 zay\u0131f olup, yar\u0131-yayvan geli\u015fmektedir. Meyveler orta b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;kte, bol sulu, aromal\u0131 ve yeme kalitesi iyidir. Temmuzun ikinci haftas\u0131 olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious, Granny Smith ve Vista Bella. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilen yazl\u0131k bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Summerred: A\u011fac\u0131 kuvvetli geli\u015fir. Meyveler silindirik-yuvarlak, hafif uzun \u015fekilli, meyve eti gevrek, sulu ve tad\u0131 mayho\u015ftur. Temmuzun son haftas\u0131nda olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious ve Jonathan.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilen yazl\u0131k bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Black Stayman Improved 201: A\u011fac\u0131 yar\u0131 dik, kuvvetli ve verimi &ccedil;ok iyidir. Meyveleri &ccedil;ok g&uuml;zel renklenir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 125&rsquo;dir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious, Jonathan, Starking Delicious. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Prima: A\u011fac\u0131 kuvvetli geli\u015fir. Verimi orta, meyve kabu\u011fu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli olup, meyve eti bol sulu, hafif mayho\u015f ve kokuludur. Kara lekeye dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u011fustos ay\u0131n\u0131n son haftas\u0131nda olgunla\u015f\u0131r (\u015eekil 4). Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Florina, Vista Bella ve Priamd\u0131r. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 4. Prima<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mutsu (Sinonim: Cirispin): Japonya&rsquo;da \u0131slah edilmi\u015f bir &ccedil;e\u015fit olup, a\u011fac\u0131 yar\u0131 dik geli\u015fir. Pasa &ccedil;ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, sar\u0131 renkli ve Golden Delicious tipi bir elmad\u0131r. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 132&rsquo;dir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Starking Delicious, Granny Smith. &Ouml;zellikle nemin y&uuml;ksek oldu\u011fu Karadeniz ve Marmara b&ouml;lgeleri i&ccedil;in Golden Delicious&rsquo;un yerine &ouml;nerilmektedir <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jonathan: A\u011fac\u0131 yar\u0131 dik-yayg\u0131n, orta kuvvette ve &ccedil;al\u0131ms\u0131 geli\u015fir, &ccedil;ok verimlidir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 123&rsquo;dir. K&uuml;llemeye hassast\u0131r. So\u011fuk hava deposunda uzun s&uuml;re muhafazas\u0131 g&uuml;&ccedil;t&uuml;r. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden delicious&rsquo;dur. Marmara ve Ege b&ouml;lgelerinde &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Starking Delicious: a\u011fac\u0131 kuvvetli yar\u0131 dik geli\u015fir. &Ccedil;ok verimlidir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 136&rsquo;d\u0131r. So\u011fuk hava deposunda Nisana kadar saklanabilir. Her y\u0131l d&uuml;zenli ve bol &uuml;r&uuml;n verir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious, Jonathan&rsquo;d\u0131r. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir..<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Golden Delicious: A\u011fac\u0131 dik-yar\u0131 dik ve orta kuvvette geli\u015fir, &ccedil;ok kuvvetlidir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 136&rsquo;d\u0131r. So\u011fuk hava deposunda Mart ay\u0131na kadar saklanabilir. Dikkatli meyve seyreltmesi yap\u0131l\u0131rsa her y\u0131l ve bol &uuml;r&uuml;n verir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131. Starkrimson Delicious, Starking delicious, Jonathan&rsquo;d\u0131r. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Starkrimson Delicious: A\u011fac\u0131 &ccedil;ok verimli olup, yar\u0131 diktir ve orta kuvvette geli\u015fir. So\u011fuk depoda Nisan ay\u0131na kadar saklanabilir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 140&#39;d\u0131r. Verimli toprak, kuvvetli ana&ccedil;, dikkatli meyve seyreltmesi, daha &ccedil;ok g&uuml;bre, su ve kuvvetli budama ister. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Starkspur Golden Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stark Earliest. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir (\u015eekil 5).<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 5. Starkrimson Delicious<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Starkspur Golden Delicious: A\u011fac\u0131 &ccedil;ok verimli, yar\u0131 bodur, dik, biraz a&ccedil;\u0131k geli\u015fir. So\u011fuk depoda Mart ay\u0131na kadar saklanabilir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 140&rsquo;d\u0131r. Verimli toprak, kuvvetli ana&ccedil;, dikkatli meyve seyreltmesi, daha &ccedil;ok g&uuml;bre ve su, kuvvetli budama ister. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Starkrimson Delicious, Starking delicious, Jonathan&rsquo;d\u0131r. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cooper-7 SB 2: Red Deliciousun spur (yar\u0131bodur) karakterdeki bir mutasyonudur. Meyveler hafif uzunca ve s\u0131vama parlak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renktedir (\u015eekil 6). Eyl&uuml;l&uuml;n &uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;nc&uuml; haftas\u0131nda olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Meyve kalitesi olduk&ccedil;a y&uuml;ksektir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious, Granny Smith ve Jerseymac. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 6. Cooper 7SB 2<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Melrose: A\u011fac\u0131 kuvvetli geli\u015fir. Meyveleri iri, meyve rengi parlak karmen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131s\u0131 olup, yeme kalitesi y&uuml;ksektir. Ge&ccedil; olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Jonathan ve Idared. Elma yeti\u015ftirilen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelere &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Skyline Supreme: Starking Delicious&rsquo;un mutant\u0131 olup, &ccedil;ok iyi renk yapmaktad\u0131r. Meyvesi iri, koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkte ve uzunca silindirik \u015fekillidir. Ge&ccedil; olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Yeme kalitesi olduk&ccedil;a iyidir. &Ouml;zellikle Starking Delicious&rsquo;un renk yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b&ouml;lgeler i&ccedil;in uygun bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Golden Delicious ve Jonathan<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Granny Smith: A\u011fac\u0131 yar\u0131 dik-yayg\u0131n, zay\u0131f-orta kuvvette geli\u015fir, &ccedil;ok verimlidir. Tam &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme ile hasat olumu aras\u0131ndaki g&uuml;n say\u0131s\u0131 180&rsquo;d\u0131r. So\u011fuk hava deposunda uzun s&uuml;re muhafaza edilebilir. Her y\u0131l ve bol &uuml;r&uuml;n verir, so\u011fu\u011fu seven bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir. Tozlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Red Delicious, Golden Delicious&rsquo;dur. Karadeniz ve Marmara b&ouml;lgelerine &ouml;nerilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 7. Granny Smith<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Amasya: T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de yeti\u015ftirilen elma &ccedil;e\u015fitleri aras\u0131nda &ouml;nemli bir yer tutar. Meyveleri Ekim ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda toplan\u0131r. \u0130yi sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s&uuml;rece May\u0131s ay\u0131na kadar dayanabilir. A\u011fac\u0131 orta b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;kte, yayvan bir ta&ccedil;. yapar, uzun &ouml;m&uuml;rl&uuml;d&uuml;r. Bir y\u0131l &ccedil;ok meyve verir, bir y\u0131l dinlenir. Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalarda her y\u0131l &uuml;r&uuml;n veren Amasya tipleri saptanm\u0131\u015f olup, halen bu tiplerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 deneme a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu &ccedil;e\u015fitler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin (Fuji, Gala, Mondial Gala, Elstar, Jonagold, Breaburn, Red Breaburn, Galaxy vb gibi) se&ccedil;imi i&ccedil;in &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. Bu konuda daha fazla bilgi almak i&ccedil;in \u0130l ve \u0130l&ccedil;e Tar\u0131m M&uuml;d&uuml;rl&uuml;klerine ya da Yalova Atat&uuml;rk Bah&ccedil;e K&uuml;lt&uuml;rleri Merkez Ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit&uuml;s&uuml;ne ba\u015fvurulabilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ARMUT YET\u0130\u015eT\u0130R\u0130C\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Armut &uuml;lkemizin hemen hemen b&uuml;t&uuml;n b&ouml;lgelerinde rahatl\u0131kla yeti\u015febilen bir t&uuml;rd&uuml;r. Yap\u0131lan istatistiklere g&ouml;re T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;deki armut a\u011fa&ccedil; say\u0131s\u0131 13 milyon adet, &uuml;retim ise 360 bin tondur. A\u011fa&ccedil; say\u0131s\u0131 ve &uuml;retim miktarlar\u0131nda son y\u0131llarda g&ouml;zle g&ouml;r&uuml;l&uuml;r derecede bir d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;\u015f ya\u015fanmakta ve bunun en &ouml;nemli nedenlerinden birisi olarak da Armut Ate\u015f Yan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g&ouml;sterilmektedir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; D&uuml;nya armut &uuml;reticileri i&ccedil;ersinde y\u0131llara g&ouml;re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte T&uuml;rkiye ilk 7 i&ccedil;ersindeki yerini korumaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0130KL\u0130M \u0130STEKLER\u0130 <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Il\u0131man iklim meyvesi olan armut, k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklar\u0131na elmadan daha az dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lkbahar ge&ccedil; donlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k g&ouml;r&uuml;ld&uuml;\u011f&uuml; ekolojilerde ge&ccedil; &ccedil;i&ccedil;ek a&ccedil;an &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin dikilmesi kazan&ccedil; a&ccedil;\u0131s\u0131ndan b&uuml;y&uuml;k &ouml;nem ta\u015f\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;e\u015fitler aras\u0131nda farklar bulunmakla birlikte, armut k\u0131\u015f\u0131n 7.2oC &lsquo;nin alt\u0131nda 1000-1500 saatlik bir so\u011fuklama ihtiyac\u0131 g&ouml;sterir. E\u011fer bu ihtiya&ccedil; kar\u015f\u0131lanmazsa ge&ccedil; ve d&uuml;zensiz &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme olur veya g&ouml;zler hi&ccedil; s&uuml;rmez. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TOPRAK \u0130STEKLER\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ge&ccedil;irgen, derin, s\u0131cak ve besin maddelerince zengin topraklar armut yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i&ccedil;in uygundur. Armut toprak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazla se&ccedil;ici olmamakla birlikte y&uuml;zlek, kuru ve ta\u015fl\u0131 topraklarda yeti\u015ftirilirse, meyve kalitesi bundan olumsuz (kumlu meyve) olarak etkilenir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde a\u011f\u0131r ve nemli topraklarda yeti\u015ftirilen armutlarda da meyve kalitesi, &ouml;zellikle tat y&ouml;n&uuml;nden bozulmu\u015f, meyvenin depo &ouml;mr&uuml; k\u0131salm\u0131\u015f olur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ANA&Ccedil;LAR <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Uuml;lkemizde armut i&ccedil;in ilk kullan\u0131lan ana&ccedil;lar; do\u011fada yabani olarak bulunan ahlat ve armutlar olmu\u015ftur. Bundan sonra yo\u011fun olarak fidan &uuml;retimine ge&ccedil;ilmi\u015f ve ana&ccedil; olarak armut &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r&uuml; ile ayva-A kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayva-A &lsquo;n\u0131n avantaj\u0131 k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k a\u011fa&ccedil;lar meydana getirmesi ve d&uuml;zenli suland\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktirde daha kaliteli meyveler olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda ayva-A n\u0131n dezavantaj\u0131; Williams, Coscia ve Starkrimson gibi baz\u0131 &ccedil;e\u015fitlerle a\u015f\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g&ouml;stermesidir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k g&ouml;steren &ccedil;e\u015fitler i&ccedil;in B. Hardy, ara ana&ccedil; olarak kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BAH&Ccedil;E KURMA<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kapama armut bah&ccedil;esi kurulaca\u011f\u0131 zaman mutlaka sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, ismine do\u011fru, a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 ve bir ya\u015fl\u0131 fidanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r. Ana&ccedil; olarak ayva-A kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, a\u011fa&ccedil;lara verilmesi gereken aral\u0131k ve mesafeler genellikle &ccedil;o\u011fu &ccedil;e\u015fitler i&ccedil;in 3&#215;4 m armut &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r&uuml; ana&ccedil; olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, 5&#215;7 m mesafe bir&ccedil;ok &ccedil;e\u015fit i&ccedil;in yeterli gelmektedir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 8. Armut bah&ccedil;esinden genel bir g&ouml;r&uuml;n&uuml;\u015f<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Ccedil;E\u015e\u0130TLER<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yap\u0131lan armut &ccedil;e\u015fitleri k\u0131smen kendine verimli veya tamamen kendine k\u0131s\u0131rd\u0131r. Bunun i&ccedil;in bah&ccedil;e kurmadan &ouml;nce &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin bu &ouml;zellikleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 veya tek &ccedil;e\u015fitten de\u011fil en az &uuml;&ccedil; veya d&ouml;rt &ccedil;e\u015fitten olu\u015fan bir bah&ccedil;e plan\u0131 olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin &ccedil;i&ccedil;eklenme tarihlerinin de birbiri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na &ouml;zen g&ouml;sterilmelidir. Tozlanma olay\u0131 ar\u0131larla oldu\u011fu i&ccedil;in, mutlaka armut bah&ccedil;elerinde veya yak\u0131n\u0131nda ar\u0131 kovan\u0131 bulundurulmas\u0131 tozlanma ve d&ouml;llenme i&ccedil;in yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; June Beauty: Haziran ay\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda olgunla\u015fan en erkenci armut &ccedil;e\u015fididir. Meyvenin g&uuml;ne\u015f g&ouml;ren taraf\u0131 pembe yanak yapar. Hasat gecikirse unlula\u015fma meydana gelir. Erkencilik en b&uuml;y&uuml;k avantaj\u0131d\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ak&ccedil;a: Yerli &ccedil;e\u015fitlerimiz i&ccedil;ersinde en erken olgunla\u015fan, meyvesi k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k, tatl\u0131 ve sulu bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir. Temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n ilk haftas\u0131nda hasat edilir. Yeme olumunda meyve sar\u0131ms\u0131 a&ccedil;\u0131k ye\u015fildir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mustafabey: Temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n ikinci haftas\u0131nda hasat edilen a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131 kuvvetli b&uuml;y&uuml;yen yerli &ccedil;e\u015fitlerimizdendir. Meyvelerin g&uuml;ne\u015f g&ouml;ren taraflar\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk yapar.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B. P. Morettini: A\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131 orta kuvvette b&uuml;y&uuml;yen iri meyveli yabanc\u0131 bir &ccedil;e\u015fittir. Temmuz ay\u0131n\u0131n &uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;nc&uuml; haftas\u0131nda toplan\u0131r. Meyveleri ince kabuklu tereya\u011f\u0131 tipinde sulu ve g&uuml;ne\u015f g&ouml;ren y&uuml;z&uuml; pembe renklidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Coscia: A\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131 kuvvetli b&uuml;y&uuml;r ve temmuz sonunda hasat edilir. Meyveleri orta irilikte kal\u0131n kabuklu sulu tatl\u0131 ve &ccedil;ok az kumludur. Yeme olumunda a&ccedil;\u0131k sar\u0131 renklidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Santa Maria: A\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131 orta kuvvette b&uuml;y&uuml;r ve a\u011fustos ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda hasat edilir. Meyveleri tereya\u011f\u0131 tipinde, iri, sulu, tatl\u0131ms\u0131 ve yeme olumunda &ccedil;ok a&ccedil;\u0131k sar\u0131 renklidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Starkrimson: &Uuml;lkemizde yeti\u015ftirilen, kabuk rengi s\u0131vama k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ol<\/p>\n<p><!--GS_AUTHOR_NOTE--><\/p>\n<p class=\"gs-author-note\">Bu yaz\u0131 <strong>GARDENSEL.COM<\/strong> kategorisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><!--\/GS_AUTHOR_NOTE--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bu dersimizde yumu\u015fak &ccedil;ekirdekli meyvelerden Elma, Armut ve Ayva yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini, meyve hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131 ile m&uuml;cadelesi konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyece\u011fiz. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ELMA YET\u0130\u015eT\u0130R\u0130C\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kuzey Anadolu, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131 ile \u0130&ccedil; Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Anadolu yaylalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ge&ccedil;it b&ouml;lgeleri, Do\u011fu Marmara ile son y\u0131llarda g&uuml;neyde g&ouml;ller b&ouml;lgesi elman\u0131n &ouml;nemli yeti\u015ftiricilik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de elma &uuml;retimi 2.5 milyon [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":28,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[405],"tags":[],"fp_columnist":[],"class_list":["post-104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kose-yazilari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=104"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":189617,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104\/revisions\/189617"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=104"},{"taxonomy":"fp_columnist","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/fp_columnist?post=104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}