{"id":108,"date":"2007-01-17T23:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-01-17T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-10-27T21:53:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T21:53:07","slug":"fidan-yetistirme-ve-asilama-teknigi-108","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/fidan-yetistirme-ve-asilama-teknigi-108","title":{"rendered":"Fidan Yeti\u015ftirme ve A\u015f\u0131lama Tekni\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyvecilik, tar\u0131m\u0131n uzun zaman alan bir dal\u0131d\u0131r. Meyvecili\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturan fidan &ouml;nemli bir yer tutar. Bu y&uuml;zden, iyi bir meyve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i&ccedil;in iyi fidan gereklidir. \u0130smine do\u011fru, vir&uuml;sten ari, kaliteli fidanlarla tesis edilecek olan meyve bah&ccedil;eleri karl\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilik i&ccedil;in ilk ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bunun i&ccedil;in sertifikal\u0131 fidan &uuml;retimine &ouml;ncelik vermek gerekmektedir. Sertifikal\u0131 fidan &uuml;retimi ile &uuml;retilen fidanlar\u0131n pazarlanmas\u0131nda da bir&ccedil;ok kolayl\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. &Uuml;lkemizde her y\u0131l 38 milyon civar\u0131nda meyve fidan\u0131 &uuml;retilmektedir. Bu miktar\u0131n 5 milyon kadar\u0131 kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131, kalan 33 milyon fidan ise &ouml;zel ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan &uuml;retilmektedir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Uuml;lkemizde fidan yeti\u015ftirme sistemleri, ilgili t&uuml;m &uuml;retim faaliyetlerinin bir b&uuml;t&uuml;n oldu\u011fu \u015fekilde uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Yani bir fidanl\u0131kta tohumdan a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 fidan elde edilmesine kadar t&uuml;m faaliyetler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 durumlarda ise sadece &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r &uuml;retimi gibi &ouml;zel &uuml;retim yapan ihtisasla\u015fm\u0131\u015f i\u015fletmeler de mevcuttur.<br \/>\n SERT\u0130F\u0130KALI F\u0130DAN <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sertifikal\u0131 fidan kullanman\u0131n &ouml;nemi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Modern ve karl\u0131 bir meyvecili\u011fin temeli fidanc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Fidan se&ccedil;iminden dikim tekni\u011fine kadar g&ouml;sterilecek titizlik karl\u0131 bir yeti\u015ftiricilik i&ccedil;in \u015fartt\u0131r. Yeti\u015ftirici bah&ccedil;esinde kullan\u0131lacak fidan\u0131, anac\u0131n\u0131 ve kaleminin men\u015feini bilmesi, bu bah&ccedil;eye uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131mla da yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bu bak\u0131mdan sertifikal\u0131 fidan kullan\u0131m\u0131 b&uuml;y&uuml;k bir &ouml;nem arz etmektedir..<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidan sertifikasyonu<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Uuml;lkemizde fidan sertifikasyonu ve sertifikal\u0131 fidan &uuml;retimi ile ilgili esaslar 5 Ocak 1997 tarih ve 22868 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131nlanan &ldquo;Fidanlar\u0131n Sertifikasyonuna ait Genel Esaslar Tebli\u011fi&rdquo; ne g&ouml;re uygulanmaktad\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Buna g&ouml;re sertifikal\u0131 meyve, asma &ccedil;e\u015fit dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, fidan &uuml;retim materyali ve fidan &uuml;retici belgesi verilecek fidanc\u0131larda aranan \u015fartlar bu y&ouml;netmeli\u011fin 20. Maddesinde \u015f&ouml;yle belirtilmi\u015ftir:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Yeti\u015ftirici &ccedil;e\u015fit-ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya fidan\u0131 &uuml;retimi i&ccedil;in yeterli bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r,<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Yeti\u015ftirici yeterli alet ve ekipmana ve araziye sahip olmal\u0131 veya uzun s&uuml;re kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgelemelidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yanlar bulunduklar\u0131 yerin Bakanl\u0131k \u0130l M&uuml;d&uuml;rl&uuml;klerine m&uuml;racaat edip fidan &uuml;retici belgesi al\u0131p, &uuml;retime ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra da gerekli i\u015flemleri yerine getirirler. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yine bu y&ouml;netmeli\u011fe g&ouml;re, fidanlar\u0131n &ldquo;SERT\u0130F\u0130KALI&ldquo; sertifikas\u0131 verilebilmesi i&ccedil;in o fidana ait &ccedil;e\u015fit dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fidan &uuml;retim materyalinin de &ldquo;SERT\u0130F\u0130KALI&ldquo; sertifikas\u0131na haiz olmas\u0131 gereklidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidan se&ccedil;iminde dikkat edilecek hususlar:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Se&ccedil;ilecek fidan\u0131n sertifikal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat edilmeli, bu y&uuml;zden mutlaka &uuml;zerinde etiket olan fidanlar tercih edilmelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; K&ouml;kleri a&ccedil;\u0131kta kalm\u0131\u015f, kaz\u0131k k&ouml;kleri yaralanm\u0131\u015f, fidanlar al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Sa&ccedil;ak k&ouml;klerin iyi geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; G&ouml;zleri uyanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, fidanlar al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ince ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kal\u0131n g&ouml;vdeli fidanlar\u0131n toprakta tutumu g&uuml;&ccedil; olaca\u011f\u0131ndan, bu t&uuml;r fidanlar tercih edilmemelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Fidan al\u0131n\u0131rken a\u015f\u0131 yerine &ccedil;ok dikkat etmek gerekir. Mutlaka ana&ccedil; ile kalemin kayna\u015fma yerini g&ouml;rmemiz ve a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funa ikna olmam\u0131z gerekir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fidan\u0131n k&ouml;k&uuml;nde ur, g&ouml;vdesinde kabuklu bit ve benzeri hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu b&ouml;l&uuml;mde meyve fidan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan &uuml;retim teknikleri hakk\u0131nda yeni tekniklerin de eklenmesiyle pratikte uygulanmas\u0131 &ouml;nerilen bilgilere de\u011finilecektir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F\u0130DANLIK YER\u0130N\u0130N SE&Ccedil;\u0130M\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidanl\u0131k, fidan talebinin y&uuml;ksek oldu\u011fu, yani meyvecili\u011fe uygun olan yerlerde kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidanl\u0131k yeri i&ccedil;in r&uuml;zgarlardan korunmu\u015f mevkii se&ccedil;ilmelidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sulama suyu yeterli ve sulamaya uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Toprak hafif s&uuml;zek ve fidan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine uygun yap\u0131da olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fidan &uuml;retilecek arazi hafif meyilli ve drenaj\u0131 uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taban suyu problemi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lkbahar ge&ccedil; ve sonbahar erken donlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 ve s&uuml;rg&uuml;nleri etkileyecek \u015fiddette olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidan &uuml;retiminde kullan\u0131lacak her t&uuml;rl&uuml; materyal ve i\u015fg&uuml;c&uuml; temini i&ccedil;in ula\u015f\u0131m kolay olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidanl\u0131k topra\u011f\u0131 her t&uuml;rl&uuml; hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i&ccedil;in &uuml;retim &ouml;ncesi toprak hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tahlil edilmelidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidanl\u0131k planlamas\u0131 ve parselasyonu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F\u0130DANLIK YER\u0130N\u0130N HAZIRLANMASI VE PARSELASYONU<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidanl\u0131k yeri se&ccedil;iminden sonra, se&ccedil;ilen yerin daha &ouml;nceden de\u011ferlendirili\u015f \u015fekline ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uygun bir \u015fekilde s&uuml;r&uuml;l&uuml;r. Yine gerekli ise tesviye i\u015flemleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. Toprak analiz sonu&ccedil;lar\u0131na g&ouml;re gereken bitki besin maddeleri verilir. Ana sulama ve drenaj sistemlerinin alt yap\u0131s\u0131 planlan\u0131r ve uygulan\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 1. Fidanl\u0131k yerinin haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T&uuml;m bu i\u015flemler tamamland\u0131ktan sonra fidanl\u0131k parselasyonuna ge&ccedil;ilir. Bir fidan parselasyonunda a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 fidan parseli, tohum tavalar\u0131, &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtma parseli, &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r parseli gibi belirli aral\u0131klarla yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren parseller yan\u0131nda daha uzun s&uuml;relerde yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren klon ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131k parselleri bulunur. Yumu\u015fak &ccedil;ekirdekli meyveler &ccedil;e\u015fit dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sert &ccedil;ekirdekli meyveler &ccedil;e\u015fit dam\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunur. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/p>\n<table border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\" width=\"67%\" id=\"AutoNumber1\" bordercolor=\"#000000\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\">A\u015eILI F\u0130DAN PARSEL\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">TOHUM TAVALARI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\">&Ccedil;&Ouml;\u011e&Uuml;R \u015eA\u015eIRTMA PARSEL\u0130&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">&Ccedil;&Ouml;\u011e&Uuml;R PARSEL\u0130&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\">YUMU\u015eAK &Ccedil;EK\u0130RDEKL\u0130 MEYVELER &Ccedil;E\u015e\u0130T DAMIZLI\u011eI<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">SERT &Ccedil;EK\u0130RDEKL\u0130 MEYVELER &Ccedil;E\u015e\u0130T DAMIZLI\u011eI&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Basit bir fidan parselasyonu<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bunun yan\u0131nda fidanl\u0131k kurulacak yerin planlamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken i\u015fletme binas\u0131, evler, yemekhane, yollar, g&uuml;brelik, makine park\u0131, fidan hendekleme ve sat\u0131\u015f yeri gibi tesislerin ihtiyaca cevap verebilecek b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;kte olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F\u0130DANLIKLARDA M&Uuml;NAVEBE (B\u0130TK\u0130 ROTASYONU)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fidan s&ouml;k&uuml;len yere ayn\u0131 cins fidan dikmek uygun de\u011fildir. Genel olarak elma, armut, ayva gibi yumu\u015fak &ccedil;ekirdekli meyveler ve erik, kay\u0131s\u0131, kiraz ve \u015feftali gibi sert &ccedil;ekirdekli meyveler ayn\u0131 parsele m&uuml;navebeli olarak dikilebilir. Fidan s&ouml;k&uuml;len yere yonca, fi\u011f, korunga gibi yem bitkisi ekmek hem topra\u011f\u0131n dinlenmesini sa\u011flar ve hem de topra\u011f\u0131 azot bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zenginle\u015ftirir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F\u0130DAN &Uuml;RET\u0130M Y&Ouml;NTEMLER\u0130<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tohumla &Uuml;retim (Ana&ccedil;lar\u0131n Yeti\u015ftirilmesi)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Modern meyvecilikte meyve tohumlar\u0131 ya yabani a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131n tohumlar\u0131ndan elde edilen &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler ya da se&ccedil;ilmi\u015f klon ana&ccedil;lar\u0131n\u0131n &uuml;zerine a\u015f\u0131lanarak yeti\u015ftirilir. Bu ama&ccedil;la ana&ccedil; dam\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 2. Tohum ekimi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Tohum tavalar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: Yabani a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131n tohumlar\u0131ndan elde edilen &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler 80 cm eninde ve 5 m boyunda tohum tavalar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilirler. Tohum tavalar\u0131;<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Dekara 4-5 ton yanm\u0131\u015f &ccedil;iftlik g&uuml;bresi ile g&uuml;brelenir<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; G&uuml;brenin topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in s&uuml;r&uuml;l&uuml;r,<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Diskaro, t\u0131rm\u0131k, freze gibi \u0130kileme aletleri ile d&uuml;zeltilir,<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; &Ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f &ouml;ncesi yabanc\u0131 otlara kar\u015f\u0131 ila&ccedil;lama yap\u0131l\u0131r,<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Tohum tavalar\u0131na ila&ccedil;lamadan yakla\u015f\u0131k 15-20 g&uuml;n sonra ekim yap\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Haz\u0131rlanan tohum tavalar\u0131n\u0131n kendi kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n 2 kat\u0131 kadar derinli\u011fe s\u0131ravari ekim yap\u0131l\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerin a\u015f\u0131 parseline aktar\u0131lmalar\u0131: Hendekleme yerlerinde sulanan &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler ilkbaharda a\u015f\u0131 parseline \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 &ccedil;e\u015fitler ayn\u0131 b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;k ve kal\u0131nl\u0131kta olan &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler beraber dikilir. B&ouml;ylelikle parseldeki &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u015f\u0131ya gelirler. Bu da yeti\u015ftiricilik a&ccedil;\u0131s\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar. &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerin dikim aral\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ra &uuml;zeri 25 &#8211; 35cm; s\u0131ra aras\u0131 ise 80 &#8211; 100 cm olmal\u0131d\u0131r. &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlere dikimden hemen sonra can suyu verilmelidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlere a\u015f\u0131 parselinde uygulanan i\u015flemler: Can suyundan sonra sulamalardan ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015flardan sonra olu\u015facak olan kaymak tabakas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmak i&ccedil;in &ccedil;apalama yapmak gereklidir. Bu i\u015flem, hem kaymak tabakas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak hem de olu\u015fmu\u015f olan yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u0130ki &ccedil;apa bir su yerine ge&ccedil;er s&ouml;z&uuml; fidanc\u0131l\u0131kta daha fazla hissedilebilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 &ouml;r&uuml;mcek, yaprak biti, k&uuml;lleme, g&ouml;z kurtlar\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131larla m&uuml;cadele yapmak gerekecektir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; A\u015f\u0131 parselinde bitkileri, biran evvel a\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirmek i&ccedil;in sulama b&uuml;y&uuml;k &ouml;nem arz eder. Sulamay\u0131 aksatmamak ve bitkiyi su stresine sokmamak gerekmektedir Bunun yan\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulaman\u0131n k&ouml;k &ccedil;&uuml;r&uuml;kl&uuml;klerine yol a&ccedil;aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutmamak gerekir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; G&uuml;breleme fidanc\u0131l\u0131k i&ccedil;in &ouml;nemli bir konudur. &Ouml;zellikle azotlu g&uuml;brelerle &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmesi te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f olacak ve &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerin a\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gelmesi daha da h\u0131zlanacakt\u0131r. G&uuml;breleme hem sulama suyuyla hem de &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlerin dibine toprak yap\u0131s\u0131na g&ouml;re Azotlu g&uuml;brelerle dekara 15-18 kg hesab\u0131yla g&uuml;breleme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. &Ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler b&ouml;lge \u015fartlar\u0131na g&ouml;re yaz aylar\u0131nda durgun T g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rlere s&uuml;rg&uuml;n g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ge&ccedil; yap\u0131lacak olursa g&ouml;z s&uuml;r&uuml;p fazla geli\u015fmeden k\u0131\u015fa girer ve k\u0131\u015f so\u011fuklar\u0131ndan etkilenebilir. Bu y&uuml;zden k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sert ge&ccedil;en yerlerde durgun T g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Fidanlara a\u015f\u0131 parselinde uygulanan i\u015flemler: A\u015f\u0131lama d&ouml;neminden sonra bitkiye sulama, &ccedil;apalama, m&uuml;cadele gibi i\u015flemler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Fidanl\u0131klarda a\u015f\u0131 yapmadan &ouml;nce &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;rler 3-4 g&uuml;n &ouml;ncesi bolca sulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r&uuml;n a\u015f\u0131 i&ccedil;in iyi kabuk vermesini sa\u011flar. Yine kalem alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bitkilerde bir hafta &ouml;ncesi bolca sulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da kalemin iyi kabuk (g&ouml;z) vermesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131lama i\u015flemi bittikten sonra sulama, &ccedil;apalama ve m&uuml;cadele i\u015flemlerine devam edilmelidir. Yaln\u0131z unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki a\u015f\u0131 parsellerinde salma sulama birinci tercih olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u011fmurlama sulamalardan m&uuml;mk&uuml;n mertebe ka&ccedil;\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f sonunda veya erken ilkbaharda a\u015f\u0131 yerinin hemen &uuml;zerinden ters istikamette meyilli olarak &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r k\u0131sm\u0131 kesilir ve a\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131 &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;l&uuml;r veya a\u015f\u0131 b\u0131&ccedil;a\u011f\u0131 ile kesilir. Bitkilerde faaliyet ba\u015flay\u0131nca g&ouml;zler patlar ve s&uuml;rmeye ba\u015flar. Bu s&uuml;rmeyle beraber &ccedil;&ouml;\u011f&uuml;r &uuml;zerinde de filizler &ccedil;\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar. Bu filizleri kopart\u0131p atmak gerekir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu arada a\u015f\u0131l\u0131 fidan\u0131n daha iyi geli\u015febilmesi i&ccedil;in sulama, &ccedil;apalama ve m&uuml;cadele i\u015flemlerine devam edilmesi gerekmektedir. Sonbaharda fidanlar yaprak d&ouml;k&uuml;nce yerlerinden s&ouml;k&uuml;l&uuml;r. Fidan s&ouml;k&uuml;m d&ouml;neminde topra\u011f\u0131n tavl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu hem fidan\u0131n kolay s&ouml;k&uuml;lmesini hem de k&ouml;klerin zedelenmeden &ccedil;\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S&ouml;k&uuml;len fidanlar k&ouml;k ve tuvalet budamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra t&uuml;r, &ccedil;e\u015fit ve boylar\u0131na g&ouml;re etiketlenip hendeklenir. Hendekleme yerinin kumsal olmas\u0131 hem fidan nakli hem de &uuml;retici i&ccedil;in kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131 ile &Uuml;retim<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131lama nedir?<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131lama iki bitki par&ccedil;as\u0131n\u0131 bir bitkiymi\u015f gibi kayna\u015farak ve b&uuml;y&uuml;melerine devam edecek \u015fekilde birle\u015ftirme tekni\u011fidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yeni bitkinin &uuml;st k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirecek olan k\u0131sm\u0131na kalem, k&ouml;k&uuml;n&uuml; meydana getirecek alt k\u0131sm\u0131na ana&ccedil; denir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n ama&ccedil;lar\u0131 nelerdir?<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; \u0130smine do\u011fru fidan &uuml;retimi <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Di\u011fer yollarla &ccedil;o\u011falt\u0131lamayan &ccedil;e\u015fitlerin ortadan kalkmas\u0131na engel olmak <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Erken meyveye yatmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Baz\u0131 ana&ccedil;lar\u0131n &ouml;zelliklerinden yararlanmak (&Ouml;rne\u011fin bodur ana&ccedil;lar, farkl\u0131 toprak tiplerine uygun ana&ccedil;lar)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; &Ccedil;e\u015fit de\u011fi\u015ftirmek<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; A\u011fac\u0131n zarar g&ouml;ren k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n tamiri<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Vir&uuml;s testi<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131 &ccedil;e\u015fitleri nelerdir ?<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 ve kalem a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 olmak &uuml;zere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I. G&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; K&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k bir kabuk par&ccedil;as\u0131 ile bunun &uuml;zerinde tek bir g&ouml;z ile yap\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131lara g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 denir. Yongal\u0131 g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kabuk par&ccedil;as\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda odun dokusu bulunur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ne zaman yap\u0131l\u0131r?<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Sonbahar g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (Durgun g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; \u0130lkbahar g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (Erken s&uuml;rg&uuml;n a\u015f\u0131s\u0131)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Haziran g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (Ge&ccedil; s&uuml;rg&uuml;n a\u015f\u0131s\u0131)<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G&ouml;z A\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Metotlar\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) T g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131: 6 mm ile 2.5 cm aras\u0131ndaki &ccedil;apa sahip ana&ccedil;lara b&uuml;y&uuml;me devresinde uygulan\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131 topraktan 5-25 cm y&uuml;kseklikte yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ana&ccedil; T \u015feklinde kesilir. G&ouml;z ise kalkan \u015feklinde odunlu ve odunsuz olarak kesilir ve ana&ccedil;ta a&ccedil;\u0131lan T i&ccedil;erisine yerle\u015ftirilir. A\u015f\u0131 yeri rafya ile hava almayacak \u015fekilde ba\u011flan\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131 15-20 g&uuml;n sonra kesilir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Ters T a\u015f\u0131s\u0131: Ya\u011fmurlu b&ouml;lgelerde ya\u011fmur sular\u0131n\u0131n a&ccedil;\u0131lan T i&ccedil;erisine girmemesi ve enfeksiyon olu\u015fmamas\u0131 i&ccedil;in ters T a\u015f\u0131 metodu uygulanabilir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 3. G&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 i&ccedil;in haz\u0131rl\u0131k<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Yama g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131: Dikd&ouml;rtgen bi&ccedil;imindeki bir kabuk par&ccedil;as\u0131n\u0131n ana&ccedil;tan kesilip &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 (&uuml;zerinde bir g&ouml;z bulunan) ve kalem &uuml;zerinde ayn\u0131 b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;kte bir kabuk par&ccedil;as\u0131n\u0131n &ccedil;\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p yerine ana&ccedil;tan kesilen ve bir g&ouml;z ihtiva eden par&ccedil;an\u0131n ana&ccedil; &uuml;zerine yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u015feklinde olur. Genellikle T g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu t&uuml;r ve &ccedil;e\u015fitlerde uygulan\u0131r. Bu a\u015f\u0131da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmak i&ccedil;in, gece ve g&uuml;nd&uuml;z \u0131s\u0131 fark\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011fu d&ouml;nemler se&ccedil;ilmelidir. A\u015f\u0131 &ccedil;abuk yap\u0131l\u0131p, &ccedil;abuk ba\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Fl&uuml;t g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131: Yama g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131na benzer. Fark\u0131, &ccedil;\u0131kart\u0131lan kabuk par&ccedil;as\u0131n\u0131n g&ouml;vdeyi hemen tamamen saracak \u015fekilde b&uuml;y&uuml;k olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) Yongal\u0131 g&ouml;z a\u015f\u0131s\u0131: Bu a\u015f\u0131 metodu ilkbaharda b&uuml;y&uuml;me ba\u015flamadan &ouml;nce veya yaz aylar\u0131nda su noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ba\u015fka bir sebeple b&uuml;y&uuml;menin durdu\u011fu hallerde kabu\u011fun odundan kolayca ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda yap\u0131l\u0131r. En &ouml;nemli nokta, ana&ccedil;ta a&ccedil;\u0131lan T&rsquo;ye yongal\u0131 g&ouml;z&uuml;n &ccedil;ok iyi yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve &ccedil;ok iyi ba\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; II. Kalem A\u015f\u0131lar\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taze kesilmi\u015f ana&ccedil;la, taze kesilmi\u015f kalemin kambiyum b&ouml;lgelerinin &uuml;st &uuml;ste gelecek \u015fekilde s\u0131k\u0131ca temas ettirilerek, ana&ccedil;la kalem aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurularak yeni bir bitki meydana getirilmesidir. Bu t&uuml;r a\u015f\u0131lara kalem a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 denir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kalem A\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Metotlar\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) Yarma a\u015f\u0131: K&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131n g&ouml;vdelerinde veya b&uuml;y&uuml;k a\u011fa&ccedil;lar\u0131n ana dallar\u0131nda &ccedil;e\u015fit de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye uygun olan bir a\u015f\u0131 tekni\u011fidir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eekil 4. Yarma a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Kakma a\u015f\u0131: Yarma a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerine kullan\u0131labilir. Kakma a\u015f\u0131 &ccedil;e\u015fit de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerde &ouml;zellikle 7.5-10 cm veya daha kal\u0131n &ccedil;apl\u0131 dallar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lanmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Genellikle her ana dala 3 kalem a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Dilcikli a\u015f\u0131: Bu a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131labilmesi i&ccedil;in ana&ccedil; ve kalem ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131kta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. 0.6-1.2 cm &ccedil;ap\u0131ndaki ana&ccedil;lar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda uygulanmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Gereken \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, ba\u015far\u0131 oran\u0131 &ccedil;ok y&uuml;ksektir. &Ccedil;abuk kaynar ve kuvvetli bir birle\u015fme meydana getirir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Kenar a\u015f\u0131: Kalemin kendinden kal\u0131n anac\u0131n yan k\u0131sm\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u015feklinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131 macunlar\u0131: Kalem a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra a\u015f\u0131 b&ouml;lgesi a\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra a\u015f\u0131 macunu ile kapat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. En fazla kullan\u0131m\u0131 olan a\u015f\u0131 macunlar\u0131 iki &ccedil;e\u015fittir. Bunun yan\u0131nda ticari olarak &uuml;retilip sat\u0131lan kaliteli macunlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A\u015f\u0131 Macunlar\u0131:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; A\u015f\u0131 b&ouml;lgesini kapatarak su kayb\u0131n\u0131 &ouml;nler<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; A\u015f\u0131 b&ouml;lgesinin d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden zarar g&ouml;rmesini engeller.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S\u0131cak macunlar: <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kullan\u0131lan materyal:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Zift 500 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Balmumu 500 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; \u0130&ccedil;ya\u011f\u0131 (eritilip s&uuml;z&uuml;lm&uuml;\u015f) 300 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Elenmi\u015f ince odun k&uuml;l&uuml; 125 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Bal\u0131k tutkal\u0131 42 gr <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131: Zift ile balmumu ufak par&ccedil;alara ayr\u0131l\u0131p bir kap i&ccedil;ersinde ve alevsiz ate\u015f &uuml;zerinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak eritilir. Di\u011fer bir kapta i&ccedil;ya\u011f\u0131 yine ate\u015f &uuml;zerinde eritilir ve sonra zift ile balmumu eri\u011fine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n &uuml;zerine ince elenmi\u015f odun k&uuml;l&uuml; d&ouml;k&uuml;l&uuml;p iyice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmaya devam edilir. Kaplara d&ouml;k&uuml;l&uuml;r. Macun so\u011fuyunca kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman yumu\u015famas\u0131 i&ccedil;in \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak, macunu &ccedil;ok s\u0131cak olarak kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; So\u011fuk macunlar: So\u011fuk macunlar, haz\u0131rland\u0131ktan sonra \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmaya gerek kalmadan yumu\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n koruyan macun &ccedil;e\u015fididir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kullan\u0131lan materyal:<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Ham re&ccedil;ine (&ccedil;am sak\u0131z\u0131) 2 kg<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Bezir ya\u011f\u0131 20 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Balmumu 100 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &bull; Mavi ispirto 300 gr<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131: &Ccedil;am sak\u0131z\u0131 ate\u015fte eritilir, buna bezir ya\u011f\u0131 ve balmumu kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130yice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p eritildikten sonra ate\u015ften indirilerek so\u011fumas\u0131 beklenir. Sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak ispirto ilave edilir. <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DALDIRMA \u0130LE &Uuml;RET\u0130M<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G&ouml;z ve kalem a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra fidan &uuml;retiminde kullan\u0131lan di\u011fer bir metot da dald\u0131rma yoluyla &uuml;retimdir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dald\u0131rma: Ana bitki ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kesilmemi\u015f bir g&ouml;vde par&ccedil;as\u0131 &uuml;zerinde k&ouml;klerin olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. K&ouml;klenen g&ouml;vde sonradan ana bitkiden, kendi k&ouml;kleri &uuml;zerinde b&uuml;y&uuml;yen yeni bir bitki elde etmek i&ccedil;in ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Dald\u0131rmada k&ouml;k olu\u015fumu i&ccedil;in iyi bir toprak nemine, iyi havalanmaya ve k&ouml;klenme b&ouml;lgesinde orta bir s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ihtiya&ccedil; vard\u0131r. Dald\u0131rman\u0131n &ouml;nde gelen &uuml;st&uuml;nl&uuml;\u011f&uuml;, bitkilerin bu metotla k&ouml;klendirilmesinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunmas\u0131d\u0131r. &Ccedil;elikle kolayca &ccedil;o\u011falmayan bir&ccedil;ok klonlar, bitkilerin kendi k&ouml;kleri &uuml;zerinde b&uuml;y&uuml;mesine imkan veren dald\u0131rma metodu sayesinde k&ouml;klendirilebilmektedir. Ancak dald\u0131rmada belirli say\u0131daki ana&ccedil;tan elde edilecek bitki say\u0131s\u0131, &ccedil;elikle g&ouml;z veya kalemden elde edilecek bitki say\u0131s\u0131ndan azd\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Baz\u0131 durumlarda dald\u0131rma ile yeti\u015ftirilen bir bitki, &ccedil;elikle yeti\u015ftirilen bir bitkiye oranla daha k\u0131sa zamanda belli bir b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;\u011fe ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dald\u0131rma Metotlar\u0131<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a) U&ccedil; dald\u0131rmas\u0131: U&ccedil; dald\u0131rmas\u0131nda k&ouml;klenme, b&uuml;k&uuml;lerek topra\u011fa sokulan s&uuml;rg&uuml;n u&ccedil;lar\u0131nda meydana gelir. Bu metot siyah ve mor ahududular\u0131n karakteristik &uuml;retim metodudur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Adi dald\u0131rma: Bir dal\u0131n topra\u011fa do\u011fru b&uuml;k&uuml;lmesi, topra\u011fa gelen yerinin toprakla veya torf ile &ouml;rt&uuml;lmesi ve ucunun topraktan &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Genel bir kural olarak, bir ya\u015f\u0131ndan daha ya\u015fl\u0131 olan s&uuml;rg&uuml;nler dald\u0131rma i&ccedil;in uygun de\u011fillerdir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) Y\u0131lankavi dald\u0131rma: Adi dald\u0131rmaya benzer fark\u0131 dal\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n g&ouml;m&uuml;lmesi, ondan sonraki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n toprak y&uuml;zeyine &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, sonraki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n tekrar g&ouml;m&uuml;lmesidir. Genellikle dal\u0131n alt k\u0131sm\u0131 b\u0131&ccedil;akla &ccedil;izilir veya bilezik al\u0131n\u0131r. Adi dald\u0131rmada oldu\u011fu gibi toprakla &ouml;rt&uuml;l&uuml;r. Her g&ouml;m&uuml;len k\u0131s\u0131mda k&ouml;kler olu\u015fur. Bu metot Muscat &uuml;z&uuml;m &ccedil;e\u015fidi gibi uzun kolay e\u011filip b&uuml;k&uuml;lebilir s&uuml;rg&uuml;nleri olan bitkilerin &ccedil;o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d) Hava dald\u0131rmas\u0131: Bitkilerin kabu\u011fundan bilezik al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f veya kabu\u011fu b\u0131&ccedil;akla yar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu yaralanan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 nemli bir k&ouml;klendirme materyali ile havai k\u0131s\u0131mlarda k&ouml;kler olu\u015fur.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; e) Tepe dald\u0131rmas\u0131: Tepe dald\u0131rmas\u0131, bir bitkinin dinlenme mevsiminde tepesinin toprak seviyesinde kesilmesinden sonra yeni geli\u015fen s&uuml;rg&uuml;nlerin dip taraf\u0131n\u0131n bu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda k&ouml;klenmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, toprakla &ouml;rt&uuml;lmesi i\u015flemlerini i&ccedil;erir.<br \/>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f) Hendek dald\u0131rma: Hendek dald\u0131rmas\u0131 bir bitki veya dal\u0131n bir he<\/p>\n<p><!--GS_AUTHOR_NOTE--><\/p>\n<p class=\"gs-author-note\">Bu yaz\u0131 <strong>Orman M\u00fch. R\u0131fat KELE\u015e<\/strong> kategorisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><!--\/GS_AUTHOR_NOTE--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;G\u0130R\u0130\u015e &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meyvecilik, tar\u0131m\u0131n uzun zaman alan bir dal\u0131d\u0131r. Meyvecili\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturan fidan &ouml;nemli bir yer tutar. Bu y&uuml;zden, iyi bir meyve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i&ccedil;in iyi fidan gereklidir. \u0130smine do\u011fru, vir&uuml;sten ari, kaliteli fidanlarla tesis edilecek olan meyve bah&ccedil;eleri karl\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilik i&ccedil;in ilk ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bunun i&ccedil;in sertifikal\u0131 fidan &uuml;retimine &ouml;ncelik vermek gerekmektedir. Sertifikal\u0131 fidan &uuml;retimi ile [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":34,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[405],"tags":[],"fp_columnist":[],"class_list":["post-108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kose-yazilari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":189621,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108\/revisions\/189621"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"fp_columnist","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/fp_columnist?post=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}