{"id":169785,"date":"2017-03-07T00:32:00","date_gmt":"2017-03-07T00:32:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-02-07T22:32:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-07T22:32:23","slug":"ulkemizde-de-entomopatojen-nematod-preparatlari-uretilip-zararlilarin-mucadelesinde-kullanilmali-169785","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/ulkemizde-de-entomopatojen-nematod-preparatlari-uretilip-zararlilarin-mucadelesinde-kullanilmali-169785","title":{"rendered":"\u00dclkemizde de Entomopatojen Nematod Preparatlar\u0131 \u00dcretilip Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00fccadelesinde Kullan\u0131lmal\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 pestisitlerin yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda var olan do\u011fal dengenin bozulmas\u0131na, zamanla zararl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kazanmas\u0131na ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde kal\u0131nt\u0131lara sebep olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, uzun vadede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc zor ve pahal\u0131 yeni sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda kimyasal m\u00fccadeleye alternatif olabilecek yeni y\u00f6ntemler \u00fczerinde durulmakta ve Entegre M\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde biyolojik m\u00fccadele \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Biyolojik m\u00fccadele uygulamalar\u0131nda ise entomopatojen nematodlar giderek \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. Entomopatojen nematodlar\u0131n biyolojik m\u00fccadele ajan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n 1985 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra giderek yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ceklerin biyolojik m\u00fccadelesinde nematodlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yedi nematod familyas\u0131na ait t\u00fcrler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar; Mermithidae, Tetradonematidae, Allantonematidae, Phaenopsitylenchidae, Sphaerulariidae, Steinernematidae ve Heterorhabditidae familyalar\u0131d\u0131r. Steinernematidae familyas\u0131ndan Steinernema cinsi ve Heterorhabditidae familyas\u0131ndan Heterorhabditis cinsine ba\u011fl\u0131 nematod t\u00fcrleri zararl\u0131lar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde olduk\u00e7a etkilidirler. Bunlar\u0131n 3. d\u00f6nem larvalar\u0131 aktiftir ve bu larvalar konuk\u00e7ular\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131z, an\u00fcs ve stigma gibi do\u011fal a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131ndan giri\u015f yapmaktad\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ce\u011fin barsa\u011f\u0131na ve daha sonra barsa\u011f\u0131 delerek v\u00fccut bo\u015flu\u011funa ge\u00e7erek, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 bakteriyi b\u00f6ce\u011fin sindirim sistemine ve v\u00fccut bo\u015flu\u011funa b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ce\u011fi 24-48 saat i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekte ve \u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6cek v\u00fccudu bir s\u0131v\u0131 ile kaplanmakta ve bu s\u0131v\u0131 nematodun besin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hem entomopatojen nematod ve hem de bakteri b\u00f6ce\u011fin v\u00fccudunda \u00e7o\u011falmaktad\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fkide nematodun g\u00f6revi bakteriyi b\u00f6ce\u011fin v\u00fccuduna ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131r. Bakterinin g\u00f6revi ise sadece konuk\u00e7uyu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda konuk\u00e7usunu hem kendisi ve hem de nematodun geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli g\u0131da kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 bir hale getirmektedir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda nematodun konuk\u00e7usunu enfekte etti\u011finde konuk\u00e7uya bakteriyi verdi\u011fini bu bakterinin ise nematodun beslenmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak ortam olu\u015fturdu\u011funu, ayr\u0131ca, antibiyotik meydana getirerek nematodun besini olan kadavran\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesini engelledi\u011fi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine, entomopatojen nematod taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6cek v\u00fccuduna b\u0131rak\u0131lan bakterinin iki saat i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6ce\u011fin kan\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Steinernema carpocapsae\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Liriomyza trifolii\u2019nin\u00a0an\u00fcs\u00fcnden giri\u015fi<\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/h1>\n

Soldaki sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve sa\u011fdaki entomopatojen nematodla enfekteli pupalar<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Entomopatojen nematodun bir Scarabaeid larvas\u0131ndaki hayat d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/span><\/p>\n

Steinernema cinsi entomopatojen nematodlar Xenorhabdus; Heterorhabditis cinsi entomopatojen nematodlar ise Photorhabdus cinsine ait bakteriler ile ortak ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar Bu bakteriler Enterobacteriaceae familyas\u0131na ait gram negatif bakteriler olup, spor olu\u015fturmazlar. Steinernematidae familyas\u0131n\u0131n Steinernema cinsine ait 62 ve Heterorhabditidae familyas\u0131n\u0131n Heterorhabditis cinsine ait ise 18 t\u00fcr olmak \u00fczere toplam 80 entomopatojen nematod t\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fcnyada tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n m\u00fckemmel biyolojik m\u00fccadele ajanlar\u0131 olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir. \u00dclkemizde ise entomopatojen nematodlarla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara son y\u0131llarda ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Steinernema feltiae; S. affine, S. carpocapsae, S. anatoliense, S. weiseri, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis ve H. marelata olmak \u00fczere 8 t\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fclkemizde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Steinernema carpocapsae<\/span><\/h1>\n

\"Beet<\/span><\/h1>\n

Steinernema carpocapsae\u00a0ile enfekteli pupa<\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

Steinernema feltia\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan enfekte olmu\u015f ev sine\u011fi larvas\u0131<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/h1>\n

Steinernema carpocapsae\u00a0ile enfekteli patates b\u00f6ce\u011fi larvas\u0131<\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/span><\/h1>\n

Papilio japonica\u00a0larvas\u0131n\u0131n diseksiyonu sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan\u00a0Heterorhabditis bacteriphora<\/span><\/h1>\n

Steinernematid ve Heterorhabditidlere hassas b\u00f6cek say\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fik ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bu nematodlar\u0131n biyolojik aktiviteleri laboratuar ve tarla denemeleri yap\u0131larak belirlenmi\u015f ve liste haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu listeye g\u00f6re etkinli\u011fi en y\u00fcksek olan t\u00fcr\u00fcn Steinernema carpocapsae oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Bu nematod t\u00fcr\u00fc 11 b\u00f6cek tak\u0131m\u0131na ait 75 familyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 250 b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc enfekte etmektedir. Bu nematodun laboratuarda \u00fcretilen haz\u0131r preparatlar\u0131 DD-136 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Entomopatojen nematodlar i\u00e7in s\u0131cakl\u0131k, toprak nemi ve g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Enfektif larvalar 12-32 oC aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok aktiftirler. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda enfektif larvalar uzun s\u00fcre canl\u0131 kalabilmektedirler. 5 oC\u2019deki az miktardaki su i\u00e7erisinde S. glaseri \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan fazla canl\u0131 kalabilmekte ve ancak ikinci y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda enfeksiyon yetene\u011fi % 41 oran\u0131nda azalmaktad\u0131r. S. carpocapsae\u2019n\u0131n enfektif larvalar\u0131 -10 oC\u2019de 18 saatte \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ancak toprakta -19 ile 9 oC aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda canl\u0131 kald\u0131klar\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, 35 oC\u2019 de bir saat tutuldu\u011funda hareketsiz hale gelen S. carpocapsae larvalar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 37 oC\u2019de 16 saat i\u00e7inde 41 oC\u2019de ise bir saat i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Yap\u0131lan laboratuar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Delia antiqua\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Steinernema feltia %80-90, Heterorhabditis heliothis %63.3-100 etkili oldu\u011fu, S. feltia, Spodoptera littoralis\u2019in 3., 4. ve 5. d\u00f6nem larvalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla %100, %76.6- 100, %36.7-90; H. heliothis ise % 67.7-100, %43.3-100, %3.3-90 oranlar\u0131nda etkili oldu\u011fu, Cydia pomonella\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 S. carpocapsae %66-90, S. riobrave %2-94 ve H. bacteriophora %25-69 oran\u0131nda etkili olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda b\u00f6ceklerin biyolojik d\u00f6nemlerinin bu nematodlara kar\u015f\u0131 hassasiyetlerinde farkl\u0131l\u0131k saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Spodoptera exiqua\u2019n\u0131n prepupas\u0131n\u0131n Steinernema carpocapsae\u2019ye hassas oldu\u011fu halde, pupas\u0131n\u0131n hassas olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Steinernema carpocapsae ve S. scapterisci toprak y\u00fczeyinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda, S. glaseri ve Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ise toprak alt\u0131ndaki zararl\u0131larda etkili olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tablo 1. D\u00fcnyada Entomopatojen nematod kullan\u0131larak m\u00fccadelesi yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr ve tak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

B\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tak\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Lycoriella solani, L. auripila,<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Bradysia coprophila<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Delia radicum<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Bibio hortulans<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Musca domestica<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Liriomyza\u00a0spp.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Otiorhynchus sulcatus<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

O. ovatus<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

O. ligustici<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Temnorhinus mendicus<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Diaprepes abbreviatus<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Papillia japonica, Anomola\u00a0spp.,\u00a0Phyllopertha horticola<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Maladera matrida<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Agrotis ipsilon<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Opogona sacchari<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Hepialus\u00a0spp.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Periplaneta americana<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Dictyoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Scapteriscus\u00a0spp.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Orthoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Frankiella occidentalis<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Thysanoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ctenocephalides felis<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Siphonaptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

Tablo 2. Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinde kullan\u0131lan entomopatojen nematod t\u00fcrleri ve b\u00f6cek tak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Entomopatojen Nematod T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

B\u00f6cek Tak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Steinernema\u00a0\u00a0carpocapsae<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Siphonaptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. feltiae<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Diptera (Sciaridae)<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. glaseri<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae)<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. kushidai<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae)<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. riobravis<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera (Curculionidae)<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

S. scapterisci<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Orhoptera (Gryllotalpidae)<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

H. marelatus<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

H. megidis<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Coleoptera<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tablo 3. \u00d6nemli zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan ticari <\/span><\/h1>\n

form\u00fclasyonlu entomopatojen nematod t\u00fcrleri<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Zararl\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel ad\u0131<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

D\u00f6nemi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Nematod t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Formulasyonu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Sphenophorus parvulus<\/span><\/td>\nLarva, Ergin<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG.WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Otiorhynchus sulcatus<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H.\u00a0marelata<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. megidis<\/span><\/td>\nWP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Agrotis ipsilon<\/span><\/td>\nLarva, Pupa<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG.WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parapediasiate\u00a0terrella<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG.WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ctenocephalides felis felis<\/span><\/td>\nLarva, Pupa<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG.WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diaprepes abbreviatus<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. riobrave<\/span><\/td>\nWG.LC<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chrysoteuchia topiaria<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG.WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. marelata<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rhabopterus picipes<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spodoptera frugiperda<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG, WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bradysia\u00a0spp.<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nVermiculite<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Popillia japonica<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. zealandica<\/span><\/td>\nWP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fumibotrys fumalis<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG, WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Longitarsus waterhousei<\/span><\/td>\nLarva, Ergin<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nWG, WP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cyclocephala borealis<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. zealandica<\/span><\/td>\nWP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lycoriella\u00a0spp.<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nS. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nVermiculite<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Otiorhynchus ovatus<\/span><\/td>\nLarva<\/span><\/td>\nH. bacteriophora<\/span><\/td>\nSponge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scapteriscus vicinus<\/span><\/td>\nNimf, Ergin<\/span><\/td>\nS. scapterisci<\/span><\/td>\nWP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. riobrave<\/span><\/td>\nWG<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tablo 4. Entomopatojen nematodlara ait baz\u0131 ticari \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve bunlar\u0131 \u00fcreten firmalar<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Nematod t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/span><\/td>\n\u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Ad\u0131<\/span><\/td>\n\u00dcretici Firma<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nMioplant<\/span><\/td>\nNovartis, Vienna, Austria<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S.\u00a0carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nBoden-Niitzlinge<\/span><\/td>\nRhone-Poulenc,\u00a0Celaflor,\u00a0Germany<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nBioSafe<\/span><\/td>\nSDS Biotech, Minato-Ku,\u00a0Tokyo,\u00a0Japan<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nExhibit<\/span><\/td>\nNovartis,\u00a0Basel,\u00a0Switzerland<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. fetliae<\/span><\/td>\nStealth<\/span><\/td>\nNovartis, Macclesfleld,\u00a0Chester,\u00a0UK<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/a><\/a>H. megidis<\/span><\/td>\nNemasys-H<\/span><\/td>\nMicroBio,\u00a0Cambridge,\u00a0UK<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H. megidis<\/span><\/td>\nLarvaNem<\/span><\/td>\nKoppert B.V., Berkel en Rodenrigs, Netherlands<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nNemasys<\/span><\/td>\nMicroBio,\u00a0Cambridge,\u00a0UK<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nEntonem<\/span><\/td>\nKoppert B.V., Berkel en Rodenrigs, Netherlands<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. scapterisci<\/span><\/td>\nProactant Ss<\/span><\/td>\nBioControl,\u00a0Gainesville,\u00a0FL<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nBiosafe<\/span><\/td>\nThermoTrilogy,\u00a0Columbia,\u00a0MD<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nBiosafe-N<\/span><\/td>\nThermoTrilogy,\u00a0Columbia,\u00a0MD<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nBioVector<\/span><\/td>\nThermoTrilogy,\u00a0Columbia,\u00a0MD<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nVector TL<\/span><\/td>\nLesco,\u00a0Lansing,\u00a0MI<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. carpocapsae<\/span><\/td>\nHelix<\/span><\/td>\nNovartis,\u00a0Mississauga,\u00a0Canada<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nX-GNAT<\/span><\/td>\nE. C. Geiger, Harleysville, PA<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. feltiae<\/span><\/td>\nMagnet<\/span><\/td>\nAmycel-Spawn Mate,\u00a0Watsonville,\u00a0CA<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. riobravis<\/span><\/td>\nBioVector<\/span><\/td>\nThermoTrilogy,\u00a0Columbia,\u00a0MD<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S. riobravis<\/span><\/td>\nVector MC<\/span><\/td>\nLesco,\u00a0Lansing,\u00a0MI<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

Son y\u0131llarda entomopatojen nematodlar\u0131n biyolojik m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Genetik iyile\u015ftirmeler ile bunlar\u0131n \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve virulansl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6zellikle dikkati \u00e7ekmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora t\u00fcr\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 molek\u00fcler teknikler kullan\u0131larak transgenic nematodlar elde edilmi\u015ftir. Bu transgenic nematodlar y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131, yabani \u0131rklar\u0131ndan 18 kat daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu kaydedilmektedir. Yine, Xenorhabd<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 Prof.Dr. Erol YILDIRIM<\/strong> kategorisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zararl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 pestisitlerin yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda var olan do\u011fal dengenin bozulmas\u0131na, zamanla zararl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kazanmas\u0131na ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde kal\u0131nt\u0131lara sebep olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, uzun vadede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc zor ve pahal\u0131 yeni sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda kimyasal m\u00fccadeleye alternatif olabilecek yeni y\u00f6ntemler \u00fczerinde durulmakta ve Entegre M\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde biyolojik m\u00fccadele \u00f6nemli bir yer […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":194489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[405,577],"tags":[],"fp_columnist":[],"class_list":["post-169785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kose-yazilari","category-manset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/169785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=169785"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/169785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":194287,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/169785\/revisions\/194287"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/194489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=169785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=169785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=169785"},{"taxonomy":"fp_columnist","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/fp_columnist?post=169785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}