{"id":668,"date":"2007-03-06T22:30:00","date_gmt":"2007-03-06T22:30:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-10-23T10:01:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T10:01:53","slug":"istanbul-kardes-sehirler-parki-projesi-668","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/istanbul-kardes-sehirler-parki-projesi-668","title":{"rendered":"\u0130STANBUL KARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130RLER PARKI PROJES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\nNilgün ÖZD\u0130NG\u0130\u015e-Peyzaj Mimar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130brahim DEDEO\u011eLU- Orman mühendisi          \n<\/p>\n

\nProf. Dr. Ahmet EYÜCE, B.Ü. FEN B\u0130L\u0130MLER\u0130 ÇEVRE TASARIMI Y.L.P – MAYIS 2005\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n \n<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n1.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul'u  dünyaya tan\u0131tmak, kültür, enformasyon, bilim, teknik, sanat, turizm, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve spor alanlar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmekte ve birbirlerinin deneyimlerinden yararlanmak ve ortak sorunlara ortak çözümler üretebilmek amac\u0131yla karde\u015f \u015fehir ili\u015fkileri kurulmu\u015ftur. Karde\u015f \u015fehir ili\u015fkileri sayesinde dünyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 ülkelerindeki \u015fehirlerle \u015fehircilik dahil olmak üzere her alanda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nKarde\u015f \u015fehirler ile yap\u0131lan protokoller çerçevesinde ülke halklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Üsküdar ilçesinde "KARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130RLER PARKI<\/span>" planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Protokol yap\u0131lan 31 karde\u015f \u015fehir için park içinde \u015fehirleri ve ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu ülkeyi tan\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131tlar,semboller, mimari ö\u011feler ve yeti\u015fme muhitine uygun bitkiler park\u0131m\u0131zda kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nProjemizde öncelikle park ve ye\u015fil alan kavramlar\u0131 üzerinde durulacak , karde\u015f \u015fehirler tan\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Karde\u015f \u015fehirler park\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 dü\u015fünülen Üsküdar ve alanla ilgili ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 bilgiler sunulacakt\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nTema EGR\u0130SELL\u0130K <\/span>ve KARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130R<\/span> kavram\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

\n2.GENEL B\u0130LG\u0130LER<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n2.1. PARK VE YE\u015e\u0130L ALAN KAVRAMI<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\nHalk\u0131n dinlenme, görme, gezme, spor yapma, ve oyun oynama gibi ihtiyaçlar\u0131 ile sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 için kent veya kasabalar içinde kurulan ye\u015fil sahalara "park<\/strong>" ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyoruz. Parklar \u015fehrin muhtelif semtlerine ve çevresine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sakinlerine aktif ve pasif e\u011flence imkân\u0131 sa\u011flayan sosyal alanlard\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n1-Aktif Ye\u015fil Alanlar<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\nA-Çocuk oyun alanlar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\nB-Park alanlar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\n0-5000m2<\/sup> Cep parklar\u0131,\n<\/p>\n

\n5001-20000 m2<\/sup> küçük parklar,\n<\/p>\n

\n20001-50000 m2<\/sup> Mahalle parklar\u0131,\n<\/p>\n

\n50001-250000 m2<\/sup> Semt parklar\u0131,\n<\/p>\n

\n>250000m2<\/sup> \u015fehir parklar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\nC-Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z spor alanlar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\nD-Spor tesis alanlar\u0131\n<\/p>\n

\n2-Pasif Ye\u015fil Alanlar<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\nGörsel ye\u015fil alanlar, Meydanlar, Refüjler, A\u011façland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alanlar, Mezarl\u0131klar, Çay\u0131r, Fidanl\u0131k ve Ormanlar, Dini tesis bahçeleri, Tar\u0131m ve Bostan alanlar\u0131, Koru alanlar\u0131, Önemli bina bahçeleri v.s. alanlard\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nYe\u015fil alanlar uzun bir süre yap\u0131lar\u0131n çirkin yanlar\u0131n\u0131 örten basit dekorlar olarak kavranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bugün ise ye\u015fil alanlara bir dekor oldu\u011fu kadar, gün geçtikçe yo\u011funla\u015fan kent ortam\u0131n\u0131n, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 için hayatsal önemi olan bir ö\u011fesi olarak bak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r\n<\/p>\n

\nYe\u015fil alanlar kent iklimi üzerinde olumlu etkiler yaparlar. Yapay kitlelerin absorbe etti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalt\u0131r. Havan\u0131n nemini düzenler. Gürültüyü azalt\u0131r. Kentin fiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan tüm aç\u0131k alanlarla birlikte ye\u015fil alanlar de\u011fi\u015fik arazi kullan\u0131\u015f bölümleri aras\u0131nda tampon görevini yerine getirir; onlar\u0131 en olumlu biçimde birbirlerinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Kent içinde her yap\u0131 hacmi kadar havan\u0131n yerini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 için, dengeli ve planl\u0131 bir ye\u015fil alan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve yo\u011funlu\u011funu düzenleyebilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ye\u015fil ku\u015faklar halinde kent geli\u015fmesini denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Kente estetik de\u011fer kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Fizik, ruh ve mental sa\u011fl\u0131k üzerinde etkin rol oynar. Ye\u015fil alanlar güçlü bir toplumun geli\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Do\u011fa bilincinin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunur.\n<\/p>\n

\nYa\u015fam yönünden bu kadar önemli olan ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n artma h\u0131z\u0131, kentlerdeki nüfus art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131na ayak uyduramamakta ve her geçen gün ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na dü\u015fen ye\u015fil alan miktar\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle kentlerde ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131; miktar, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m ve kullan\u0131m olarak bir plan çerçevesinde geli\u015ftirme ve uygulama çabalar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nYe\u015fil alan tipleri ye\u015fil dokunun veya kent dokusunun egemen karakter ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na göre kent içerisindeki ye\u015fil alanlar ve do\u011fal ye\u015fil alanlar olmak üzere iki gruba ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n\t\t\tTablo 1. Kent \u0130çi Ye\u015fil Alanlar \u0130çin Geçerli Kabuller<\/strong>.<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tT\u0130PLER<\/span><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tNÜFUS YÖNÜNDEN ALINAN KABULLER<\/span><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tGEREKL\u0130 ALAN<\/span><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tOyun Yerleri<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t800 Nüfus için 4000 m2<\/sup><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t2-4 Ha<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tMahalli Parklar<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1000 Nüfus için 4000 m2<\/sup><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t0,8 Ha veya daha fazla<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tE\u011flence Merkezi<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t800 Nüfus için 4000 m2<\/sup><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t6-8 Ha<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSpor Alanlar\u0131<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t800 Nüfus için 4000 m2<\/sup><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t4-12 Ha<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKaynak: Çetiner, A., \u015eehircilik Çal\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Donat\u0131m \u0130lkeleri<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n\t\t\tTablo 2. Amerika ve Avrupa Kentlerinde Güncel Ki\u015fi Ba\u015f\u0131na Dü\u015fen Ye\u015fil Alan Miktar\u0131<\/span><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKent<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tNüfus<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tm2<\/sup>\/ki\u015fi<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tMontreal<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t*1.017.665<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t21,6<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tNew York<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t*7.322.564<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t23,1<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBerlin<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t**3.471.418<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t27<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tStockholm<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t**711.119<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t84,3<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tRoma<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t*2.791.000<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t11,9<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tParis<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t*2.154.678<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t10,1<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t*1990 Y\u0131l\u0131na Ait Nüfus De\u011feridir.<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t** 1995 Y\u0131l\u0131na Ait Nüfus De\u011feridir.<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n \n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul'daki ye\u015fil alan durumu;<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul kenti ye\u015fil alan envanteri; imar planlar\u0131nda ye\u015fil alan ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanan çocuk oyun alanlar\u0131, park alanlar\u0131,  spor alanlar\u0131, a\u011façland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alanlar, çay\u0131r, fidanl\u0131k ve ormanlar, görsel ye\u015fil alanlar, refüj ve meydanlar, koru alanlar\u0131, koruya kat\u0131lacak alanlar ve mezarl\u0131klar olmak üzere ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul'da kent düzeyinde ye\u015fil alan envanterine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman; 1975'te 2,3 m2\/ki\u015fi (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na dü\u015fen metrekare) olan ye\u015fil alan miktar\u0131n\u0131n 1980'de 2,2 m2\/ki\u015fi, 1985'te 1,1 m2\/ki\u015fi, 1990'de 1,2 m2\/ki\u015fi, 1995'te 1,5 m2\/ki\u015fi, 2000'de ise 1,9 m2\/ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu görülür.\n<\/p>\n

\n2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, aktif kullan\u0131lan ye\u015fil alan miktar\u0131 17.207.275 m2<\/sup>‘e, aktif kullan\u0131lmayan ye\u015fil alan 29.106.125 m2<\/sup>'e yükselirken toplam ye\u015fil alan 46.313.400m2<\/sup> olmu\u015ftur. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 durumuna göre aktif kullan\u0131lan ye\u015fil alan miktar\u0131 artarak toplam alan\u0131n %37'sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda nüfus 9246565 ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur. 10 m2<\/sup>\/ki\u015fi norm de\u011ferinin 2000 nüfusuna çarp\u0131m\u0131 olan 92.465.650 m2'lik alan \u0130stanbul kentinin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda sahip oldu\u011fu nüfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi aktif kullan\u0131lan ye\u015fil alan olarak ortaya ç\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Oysaki \u0130stanbul kentinin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 aktif kullan\u0131lan ye\u015fil alan miktar\u0131 17.207.275 m2<\/sup>'dir. Bu de\u011fer yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken alan\u0131n %19'unu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\nSonuç olarak; nüfus art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, ye\u015fil alan yap\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131ndan daha fazla olmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca son dönemlerde Yerel Yönetimlerin çevreci yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ve çevreye vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 önemin artmas\u0131 sonucu ye\u015fil alan yap\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 görmekteyiz.Mevcut aktif ve pasif ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na dü\u015fen miktarlar\u0131, belirtilen ye\u015fil alan standartlar\u0131na uymamakta, hatta bu orana eri\u015fememektedir.Buradan da görüldü\u011fü üzere aktif ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n i\u015flevsel aç\u0131dan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131nda ya\u015f gruplar\u0131n\u0131n rekreasyonel ihtiyaçlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 aç\u0131s\u0131ndan standartlara uygun de\u011fildir.\u0130stanbul Kentinde ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 etki alanlar\u0131 itibariyle homojen bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m göstermemektedir.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul Kentinde mevcut ye\u015fil alan kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, ilk etapta aktif ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n\u0131n mahalle ölçe\u011finde ele al\u0131narak,  minimum ye\u015fil alan standartlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ard\u0131ndan da al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 mevcut ye\u015fil alanlara yans\u0131t\u0131larak aktif ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi zorunluluk kazanmaktad\u0131r. Planlanan ve mevcut ye\u015fil alan durumu aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rabilecek bilgilerin en h\u0131zl\u0131 ve do\u011fru yöntemle (Uzaktan alg\u0131lama veya co\u011frafi bilgi sistemi olu\u015fturularak) haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul Kenti için Metropol ölçekde tematik parklar\u0131n yarat\u0131larak \u0130stanbul toplumunun çevredeki parklara yönelmesi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul çevresindeki ormanlar\u0131n kent orman\u0131 kapsam\u0131 içerisinde \u0130stanbul halk\u0131na hizmet veren bir alan olarak tasarlanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.\n<\/p>\n

\n \n<\/p>\n

\n2.2. KARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130R KAVRAMI<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0130stanbul'u  dünyaya tan\u0131tmak, kültür, enformasyon, bilim, teknik, sanat, turizm, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve spor alanlar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmekte ve birbirlerinin deneyimlerinden yararlanmak ve ortak sorunlara ortak çözümler üretebilmek amac\u0131yla karde\u015f \u015fehir ili\u015fkileri kurulmu\u015ftur.\n<\/p>\n

\n2.2.1.\u0130STANBUL BÜYÜK \u015eEH\u0130R BELED\u0130YES\u0130 KARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130RLER\u0130<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n\t\t\tKENT\u0130N ADI<\/strong> <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tÜLKES\u0130<\/strong> <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130MZALANMA TAR\u0130H\u0130<\/strong> <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130MZALANMA YER\u0130<\/strong> <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130 TÜRÜ<\/strong> <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tGAZ\u0130MAGOSA <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tK.K.T.C. <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1963 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKARDE\u015e \u015eEH\u0130R <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tRIO DE JANERIO <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBrezilya <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1965 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tHUE <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tVietnam <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1971 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130SFAHAN <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130ran <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1971 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSH\u0130MONOSEKI <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tJaponya <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1972 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tLAHOR <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tPakistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1975 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tJAHOR BAHRU <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tMalezya <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1983 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tC\u0130DDE <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSuudi Arabistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1984 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tHOUSTON <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tA.B.D <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1988 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKAH\u0130RE <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tM\u0131s\u0131r Arap Cum. <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t1988 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSHANGAY <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tÇin Halk Cum. <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t20.10.1989 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tShangay <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tST.PETERSBOURG <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tB.D.T <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t19.11.1990 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tRABAT <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tFas <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t23.04.1991 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tRabat <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tMERV <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tTürkmenistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t21.06.1994 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tAnkara <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBARCELONA <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130spanya <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t05.01.1997 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBarcelona <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tDUBAI <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tU.A.E <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t22.03.1997 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tDubai <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKÖLN <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tFederal Almanya <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t15.03.1997<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t09.05.1997 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130stanbul-Köln <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSARAYBOSNA <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBosna-Hersek <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t14.07.1997 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSaraybosna <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tODESA <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tUkrayna <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t17.09.1997\/
\n\t\t\t02.11.1997 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tOdessa-\u0130stanbul<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tAMMAN <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tÜrdün <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tALMATI <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tKazakistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tSEMERKANT <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tÖzbekistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tT\u0130FL\u0130S <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tGürcistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tO\u015e <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tK\u0131rg\u0131zistan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t20.09.1997\/
\n\t\t\t01.08.1998 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tCHITTAGONG <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBanglade\u015f <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBakanl\u0131k Onay\u0131nda <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tDURRES <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tArnavutluk <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t06.02.1998 <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130stanbul<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tJAKARTA<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tEndonezya<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t30.10.1998<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130stanbul<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tF\u0130L\u0130BE<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\tBulgaristan <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t23.01.2001<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\u0130stanbul<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t" " <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nilgün ÖZD\u0130NG\u0130\u015e-Peyzaj Mimar\u0131 \u0130brahim DEDEO\u011eLU- Orman mühendisi           Prof. Dr. Ahmet EYÜCE, B.Ü. FEN B\u0130L\u0130MLER\u0130 ÇEVRE TASARIMI Y.L.P – MAYIS 2005   1.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e \u0130stanbul'u  dünyaya tan\u0131tmak, kültür, enformasyon, bilim, teknik, sanat, turizm, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve spor alanlar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmekte ve birbirlerinin deneyimlerinden yararlanmak ve ortak sorunlara ortak çözümler üretebilmek amac\u0131yla karde\u015f \u015fehir ili\u015fkileri kurulmu\u015ftur. Karde\u015f \u015fehir ili\u015fkileri sayesinde dünyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[406],"tags":[],"fp_columnist":[],"class_list":["post-668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-peyzaj"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/668","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=668"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/668\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":172730,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/668\/revisions\/172730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=668"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=668"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=668"},{"taxonomy":"fp_columnist","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardensel.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/fp_columnist?post=668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}